My experience with my internship for Handworks Physical Therapy these past two visits has been filled with accomplishment prior to learning new things with Dr. Scott. I would highly recommend this internship for an student who seeks to learn new things as well as reinforce knowledge they have already studied among the medical/anatomy field. Furthermore, I have learned a variety of things as well as met a lot of new people during my internship. Everyday, I am told about the philosophies of the human significance prior to the structure and form of the human body's capabilities, as well as interesting topics to talk about. My coordinator's main intention is to always apply his knowledge and share his experiences with me in order for me to understand 'life' a lot better and see through the basic concepts of life and understand deeper towards the complexed meaning. This week, I have learned about some of the technology used in Physical Therapy and also some of the methods and exercises Physical Therapists initiate with their patients. Additionally, I am learning about the bone structures of the human body; we are working from the foot up. However, studying and learning isn't the only things I get to do during my internship. I'm also given the opportunity to use the technology and resources available for me to understand my studies and go further in-depth with knowledge. Knowledge isn't perfect without some challenging, productive assessments though. My coordinator allows for me to step into the Physical Therapy environment and actually experience their work criteria hands-on. It has been a great experience in just the first two days, and I can expect for many more things to learn from this internship. Things I have learned: The foot has seven man tarsal bones; the strongest and largest:calcaneus, the bone that articulates with the fibula and the tibia: the talus bone, the cuneiform bones: lateral, intermediate, medial, the cuboid phone, the five metatarsal and phalanges bones, and the navicular bones.
This week's visit at Handworks Physical Therapy was another great experience and an ordeal of learning the new bones from the leg up to the hip. I was able to meet some of the new patients and actually find out new things about physical disorders that I never noticed and how certain bones function our body. I also took a hefty amount of notes because Dr. Scott would quiz me after I did my research with either his super-computer, the books and posters he had for me to use. I miss the first visit due to an Academic Olympics competition, but I'll be sure to visit frequently this next week!
My latest visit with Handworks Physical Therapy has been another fascinating experience. During this day, I have learned more about the anatomy of the human leg and foot. I was given a certain amount of time to go aloof and gather information about the bones while Dr. Scott went to get us lunch. Anyhow, I was able to identify all the bones from the foot to the leg; also identifying the innervations and the blood types. I learned more in-depth about the L4-L5, L5-S1 levels of the human body(particularly the spinal cord junction levels). Additionally, this day had some patients to visit as well. Dr. Scott engaged in many interesting conversations involving human anatomy, philosophy, the 'truths' and 'lies' of doctor consultations; and a lot more. We had talked about college, school education, and medical fields. However, disregarding the conversations, his main intention was to introduce me to new aspects and learn new things prior to physical therapy. I observed some of the patient appointments while taking notes of the bone structures of the human foot and leg. Dr. Scott would very often go aloof himself and get pretty in-depth with information; often giving me an example of nearly everything that was to be related to physical therapy. Although it is a lot of information and I do wonder if the patient does get bored sometimes of listening to such overwhelming information about their symptoms and problems, he does try to create an understanding between his intern and his patient. His schedule that day was quite planned out, but he always had time to talk to me about medical concepts and practices that seem vague to one that does not particularly study the medical field. I'm glad my linguistic and introversial skills allow for me to understand nearly every word he says, from latin anatomical terms to 'fancy' scientific words. Furthermore, it was a great day and I enjoyed learning not just a few, but a lot of new things prior to physical therapy. However, I have obliged that I needed more work and challenge from him(since high school wasn't providing me with enough work), so he's gonna 'pull it up a notch'. Instead of just learning about the bone structures and the ligaments/muscles that attach each bone according to its unique function, we are also going to go in-depth with innervation(nerves, vessels, capillary internal links) and much more advanced terminology. I'm up for quite an interesting challenge next week.
On my most recent visit to Handworks Physical Therapy this February week, Dr. Scott and I discussed over some popular topics of medical school education. He briefly explained about his own experience with the medical school he attended and also gave me some pointers(or tips) about how to save money efficiently. Additionally, Dr. Scott also introduced me to some interesting research regarding anatomy and the foundations of physical therapy. Now we know that an internship serves to focus primarily on career choice and planning, therefore I had asked him the most appropriate questions regarding Physical Therapy. Furthermore, he told me a lot about the career's information, such as education requirements, salary/income, and a lot more terminology. However, the terminology was not overwhelming today since we're only at the progress of identifying the innervation and the main bones of the human leg.
At my utmost visit to Handworks Physical Therapy, Dr. Scott had introduced me to some unique, interesting information(specifically facts) regarding the fascinating functions of the human body; specifically the bone structures/ligament locations. I have learned some new interesting things regarding the lower human anatomical structure, specifically the foot's tarsal bones as well as the hand's carpal bones. On this following day, he introduced me to SOAP notes. The SOAP note (an acronym for subjective, objective, assessment, and plan) is a method of documentation employed by health care providers to write out notes in a patient's chart, along with other common formats, such as the admission note. As an intern, I will be given the chance to do some hands-on work such as doing these advanced, 'upper-level' notes. Although he does insist I practice them, Dr. Scott will also allow for me to actually do real SOAP notes, although he will supervise my efforts and correct any mistakes. If I make one mistake on the notes, it can affect the patient's actual medical information/background/profile, thus corrupting some information that is very important to the medical information needed and provided. So I will be doing SOAP notes next week. Furthermore, Dr. Scott had discussed more about each patient that had visited and further explained the symptoms to their disorders and also provided me with the information needed to grasp an understanding among the patient's problems and Dr. Scott's own analysis of the patient.
During my internship at HandWorks Physical Therapy, I was introduced to a more advanced anatomical structure, further in-depth to the human body's function. Dr. Scott had talked about disc protrusions, such as the L5 S1. The L5 S1 disc is the most fragile and susceptible to protrusion since it gets more load than the other lumbar discs. This condition is also referred to as a slipped disc and it the most common cause of lower back pain. The discs located on our back; relatively the spinal cord allows for complete control of nerve innervation . It ranges from the spinal cord all the way to the bone structures in the foot. It is amazing how a simple bone disc in the spinal cord has nerves connection vastly throughout the ligaments in the body. Furthermore, Dr. Scoot has taught me that simple or irrelevant injuries from limbs to back pains can be due to a protrusion to the L5 S1 disc. Many patients have injuries that lead to the abnormality or the dysfunction of the spinal cord. In the office, Dr. Scott had some hard clay models of the discs and further explained how blood clots could form from the irregular bending/stretching of these fragile bones. He also explained that the blood clots could be serious although the person would know notice a thing until an MRI is taken. Dr. Scott has also said that MRIs can not always determine the injuries, and even doctors cannot since they don't give enough effort with such a less amount of time.
On the second day of the following week at HandWorks Physical Therapy, Dr. Scott and I talked more about the bones of the leg, specifically the hamstring bones. Hamstring muscle injuries such as a "pulled hamstring" — occur frequently in athletes. They are especially common in athletes who participate in sports that require sprinting, such as track, soccer, and basketball. A pulled hamstring or strain is an injury to one or more of the muscles at the back of the thigh. Most hamstring injuries respond well to simple, nonsurgical treatments. We also talked more in-depth about the the tibia and the fibula. While neither bone is capable of independent movement, the chief function of these bones is in the formation of the knee and the various ankle joints, as well as providing support over a significant anatomical distance the tibia (the shin bone). Furthermore, we had a patient visiting who had some problems with their knee bone and further established a connection from the injury to the navicular bone. Eventually, this lead to a protrusion to the L5 S2 disc.
In today's epic episode of Tony Nguyen's Executive Internship at Handworks Physical Therapy, I was introduced to the bones, ligaments, joints, and muscles of the knee. The knee consists of the femur, the fibula, and the tibia bones. These bones are connected by the ligaments known as the posterior, anterior, medial, tibial, lateral, and fibular ligaments. Each ligament has a function to hold the bones together following by cartilage and muscle. between the femur and the fibula/tibia is the meniscus. The meniscus consists of the lateral and medial meniscus following with thee lateral and medial condyle. These two meniscus ligaments are connected by the intermeniscal ligament. The patella is located in the lateral center of the knee. There are four very important ligaments in the knee that help us move our leg/thigh freely from hypertension and pain. The first two are the anterior cruciate ligament and the posterior cruciate ligament. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) can be stressed by a physical force towards the knee at where it is located. If caused by a forward force towards the ACL, the femur's ligaments will rip from the bone, causing an ACL avulsion. If the outward force is driven into the knee from behind, the posterior cruciate ligament will be damaged, causing a PCL avulsion. Many injuries in sports such as soccer and baseball occur because either the ACL and/or PCL are damaged. A knee will not function if all four of the cruciate ligaments are torn and damaged. This also includes the laterial and medial cruciate ligaments as well as the ACL & PCL. (MCL, LCL, ACL, PCL). Injuries can result with avulsions, tearing of the ligaments/ bone fraction, and even tissue rupture. The next thing my coordinator Dr. Scott had explained was the purpose of the popliteus muscle. This one and only important muscle within the knee is used by the leg/thigh/knee to unlock the knee by laterally rotating the femur in the tibia during a closed chain movement such as a foot being placed constantly onto the ground. The popliteus muscle assists in flexing the leg upon the thigh and when the leg is flexed, it will rotated the tibia inward. Furthermore, it is attached to the lateral meniscus. It seems to cross perpendicularly with the meniscus to the patella/tibia. I have tested the 'locking mechanism' of the popliteus muscle and you can actually feel as if your knee is unlocking and rotating among the femur to the tibia. Without the popliteus muscle, the person would most likely collapse every time they set their foot onto the ground surface, although the quadriceps and the thigh muscles will act to sustain the leg from falling down. Every ligament in the knee has a special purpose to allow our leg and thigh to act accordingly to the function of walking, running, and even just standing. Boy, I learned a lot these two days. Blablabla.
During this week's internship at Hand-Works Physical Therapy, I was introduced to a well-constructed review for last week's lesson of the knee bone(s), the ligaments and muscles pertaining with the tibia and patella's structure/function. After going over the serious injuries caused by the tear of the medial collateral ligament and the anterior cruciate ligament. As two of the four ligaments that are crucial to the stability of the knee joint, if both the MCL and the ACL were both injured and teared, the knee joint would not be able to function, thus causing for a person to not be able to walk. The MCL/ACL tear are often occurred from sports such as soccer and basketball although wearing a brace decreases the chance of tearing these ligaments. We then further discussed more about the patella bone and its unique function to the knee joint. The patella is not directly connected to femur bone and its function is most complex but similar to an arch-axis to the quadriceps and the tibia. For an example, if you connected a rubber band to to two separate sticks and tried to create a perpendicular angle of bending, it would not be possibly without an arch of axis. One can easily just hold up one of the stick and make it vertical, but if we relate it to the knee joint and its functions, this would be impossible to do. Now say if we put a tennis ball between the two sticks and then bend the one of the sticks straight up, the tennis ball would act as an arch of axis to rotate the stick up to create a joint bend. Much like the knee function, the patella works as the axis to allow the extension of the quadriceps from the leg(tibia and fibula); basically bending our knee.
This week's internship at Handworks Physical Therapy was very interesting because I was introduced to the anatomy of the shoulder. Much like the hip's function, the shoulder's anatomical structure is very unique and can function in many different ways, specifically with the movements of retraction, protraction, elevation, depression, abduction, adduction, flexion rotation, and extension. The shoulder has three main bones, which are the clavicle(collarbone), scapula(shoulder-blade), and the humerus bone(upper arm bone). The shoulder contains of associated ligaments and tendons. The humerus bone is attaches to the scapula and the articulations between bones make up the shoulder bones. There are two types of cartilage in the shoulder anatomy, which are the articular(white cartilage that allows bone to glide upon one another) and the labrum cartilage(more fibrous, rigid, found only where the socket is attached). There are three main joints in the shoulder. The first joint is the glenohumeral main joint(ball and socket)-which allows arm to rotate in circular or to hinge out/away from shoulder. Additionally, it is formed by the glenoid fossa(dish-shaped). There are also the Acromioclavicular and the Sternoclavicular(medial-end) joints. Following by the shoulder bones, the four main muscles are the supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, and the teres minor muscle(s). They cover the glenoid like a cuff, which allows the balanced(elastic/stretch) position of the rotator cuff. The rotator cuff is the group of muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder. The tearing of these tendons(primarily responsible for shoulder-joint motion) can cause either trauma or chronic impingement. The most common shoulder dislocation is of anterior shoulder tear. The ligaments of the shoulder are semicircular humeri and the biceps muscle connect to shoulder. The impingement syndrome is one of the most common shoulder problems and it is when the arm is abducted passed 90 degrees; the greater tuberosity of the humerus bone compresses the rotator cuff against the acromion and be the result of diagnosed arthritis. Dr. Scott and I also discussed more about the Human Growth Hormone(HGH) and how successful it could be in the advanced future of biomedics.
This week's internship has introduced me to the bone/tendon/muscle structure of the arm and wrist. As one would know, the arm is mainly composed of the bones from the shoulder(clavicle, scapula, humerus bone) to the wrist itself (radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges). Now that I have been learning about the shoulder function, it allows me to link my own knowledge on this complex, unique structure to the bones in the arm(humerus specifically). Additionally, the elbow joint acts like a hinge joint between the distal ends of the humerus and the proximal ends of the radius and the ulna. Dr. Scott has also mentioned that the humerus bone is a very strong and durable bone(going on and on about weight-lifting capacity but I already knew about this). The arm is divided by a fascial layer (known as lateral and medial intermuscular septa) separating the muscles into two osteofascial compartments, which are the anterior & posterior compartments of the arm. Furthermore, The cubital fossa is clinically important for venepuncture and for blood pressure measurement. It is an imaginary triangle with borders being laterall, medially and superiorly connect. Dr. Scott also had some arm bone models and he interpreted the hinge function to me, as well as showing me how to check and diagnose possible arm tendon/muscle injuries. With extra time, he also helped observed my re-teared sprained ankle! Apparently, there is nothing wrong with it, but it's rather an internal strain in the muscle. TBC...
For Tuesday's internship, Dr. Scott has reviewed information about the impingement of the rotator cuff, and how the 'reverse-shoulder' and 'cold-shoulder' procedure could fix the pain in the shoulder. He was very detailed in explaining how the procedure was done such as mentioning that the orthopedic surgeon would drill a hole through the clavicle bone, reversing the glenoid tissue through the drilled hole, and then connecting the supraspinatus muscle tear so the movement of the shoulder would not cause friction among the clavicle and the scapula bone.
Furthermore, we also reviewed the arm's bones, tendons, muscles, and ligaments. Understanding the function and connection between the shoulder bone to the bones in the arm, I was able to determine how the short and long head of biceps brachii muscle aligns itself with the shoulder. The short head of the biceps attaches to the coracoid process of the scapula. The tendon of the long head passes along the intertubercular groove of the humerus into the joint capsule at the head of the humerus, and attaches to the scapula at the supraglenoid tubercle. Furthermore, the biceps work among three joints, which is the proximal radioulnar joint, the humeroulnar joint(elbow), and the glenohumeral joint(shoulder). After understanding the biceps' function, we reviewed over the triceps brachii muscles of the arm. The long head arises from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. It extends distally in front of the teres minor and behind the teres major. The medial head arises distally from the groove of the radial nerve; from the dorsal (back) surface of the humerus. The lateral head arises from the dorsal surface of the humerus, lateral and proximal to the groove of the radial nerve, from the greater tubercle down to the region of the lateral intermuscular septum. All three heads of the triceps muscle are innervated by a radial nerve.
During my most recent internship with Dr. Scott at Handworks Physical therapy, I have reviewed the terminology of the shoulder surgical procedures such as the 'Cold Shoulder' and the 'Reverse Shoulder' procedures. The shoulder is one of the most complexed anatomical functions in the human body and is relatively similar to the hip. The bones of the hip region are the hip bone (innominate bone) and the femur (thigh bone). The hip joint is a synovial joint formed by the articulation of the rounded head of the femur and the cup-like acetabulum of the pelvis. It forms the primary connection between the bones of the lower limb and the axial skeleton of the trunk and pelvis. A Synovial joint, also known as a diarthrosis, is the most common and most movable type of joint in the body of a mammal & human. As with most other joints, synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones. The hip joint is reinforced by five ligaments, of which four are extracapsular and one intracapsular. The extracapsular ligaments are the iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments attached to the bones of the pelvis (the ilium, ischium, and pubis respectively). All three strengthen the capsule and prevent an excessive range of movement in the joint. Of these, the Y-shaped and twisted iliofemoral ligament is the strongest ligament in the human body. Additionaklly, I also reviewed the function of the hip with a glucose-silicon model structure which basically made me comprehend with Dr. Scott's lecture.
After reviewing the complexity of the hip and shoulder bone, Dr. Scott and I went over with the innervations of the muscles that contracted between the femur bone and the hip bone. We talked more about surgical procedures that involved a diagnosis of the spinal cord. He also mentioned how injuries could relate back to a possible dysfunction to the spinal cord, even the most unexpected injuries. Furthermore, the Spinal Cord is connected to the brain and is about the diameter of a human finger. From the brain the spinal cord descends down the middle of the back and is surrounded and protected by the bony vertebral column. The anatomy of the spinal cord itself, consists of millions of nerve fibres which transmit electrical information to and from the limbs, trunk and organs of the body, back to and from the brain. The nerves within the spinal cord are grouped together in different bundles called Ascending and Descending tracts. Ascending tracts within the spinal cord carry information from the body, upwards to the brain, such as touch, skin temperature, pain and joint position.There are four main groups of spinal nerves which exit different levels of the spinal cord. They are: Cervical Nerves "C" : (nerves in the neck) supply movement and feeling to the arms, neck and upper trunk.
Thoracic Nerves "T" : (nerves in the upper back) supply the trunk and abdomen.
Lumbar Nerves "L" and Sacral Nerves "S" : (nerves in the lower back) supply the legs, the bladder, bowel and sexual organs. The spinal nerves carry information to and from different levels (segments) in the spinal cord. Both the nerves and the segments in the spinal cord are numbered in a similar way to the vertebrae. The point at which the spinal cord ends is called the conus medullaris, and is the terminal end of the spinal cord. It occurs near lumbar nerves L1 and L2. After the spinal cord terminates, the spinal nerves continue as a bundle of nerves called the cauda equina. The upper end of the conus medullaris is usually not well defined. We often used the spinal cord models to depict how injuries linked to it and how the nerves and senses are affected.
My experience with my internship for Handworks Physical Therapy these past two visits has been filled with accomplishment prior to learning new things with Dr. Scott. I would highly recommend this internship for an student who seeks to learn new things as well as reinforce knowledge they have already studied among the medical/anatomy field. Furthermore, I have learned a variety of things as well as met a lot of new people during my internship. Everyday, I am told about the philosophies of the human significance prior to the structure and form of the human body's capabilities, as well as interesting topics to talk about. My coordinator's main intention is to always apply his knowledge and share his experiences with me in order for me to understand 'life' a lot better and see through the basic concepts of life and understand deeper towards the complexed meaning. This week, I have learned about some of the technology used in Physical Therapy and also some of the methods and exercises Physical Therapists initiate with their patients. Additionally, I am learning about the bone structures of the human body; we are working from the foot up. However, studying and learning isn't the only things I get to do during my internship. I'm also given the opportunity to use the technology and resources available for me to understand my studies and go further in-depth with knowledge. Knowledge isn't perfect without some challenging, productive assessments though. My coordinator allows for me to step into the Physical Therapy environment and actually experience their work criteria hands-on. It has been a great experience in just the first two days, and I can expect for many more things to learn from this internship. Things I have learned: The foot has seven man tarsal bones; the strongest and largest:calcaneus, the bone that articulates with the fibula and the tibia: the talus bone, the cuneiform bones: lateral, intermediate, medial, the cuboid phone, the five metatarsal and phalanges bones, and the navicular bones.
ReplyDeleteThis week's visit at Handworks Physical Therapy was another great experience and an ordeal of learning the new bones from the leg up to the hip. I was able to meet some of the new patients and actually find out new things about physical disorders that I never noticed and how certain bones function our body. I also took a hefty amount of notes because Dr. Scott would quiz me after I did my research with either his super-computer, the books and posters he had for me to use. I miss the first visit due to an Academic Olympics competition, but I'll be sure to visit frequently this next week!
ReplyDeleteMy latest visit with Handworks Physical Therapy has been another fascinating experience. During this day, I have learned more about the anatomy of the human leg and foot. I was given a certain amount of time to go aloof and gather information about the bones while Dr. Scott went to get us lunch. Anyhow, I was able to identify all the bones from the foot to the leg; also identifying the innervations and the blood types. I learned more in-depth about the L4-L5, L5-S1 levels of the human body(particularly the spinal cord junction levels). Additionally, this day had some patients to visit as well. Dr. Scott engaged in many interesting conversations involving human anatomy, philosophy, the 'truths' and 'lies' of doctor consultations; and a lot more. We had talked about college, school education, and medical fields. However, disregarding the conversations, his main intention was to introduce me to new aspects and learn new things prior to physical therapy. I observed some of the patient appointments while taking notes of the bone structures of the human foot and leg. Dr. Scott would very often go aloof himself and get pretty in-depth with information; often giving me an example of nearly everything that was to be related to physical therapy. Although it is a lot of information and I do wonder if the patient does get bored sometimes of listening to such overwhelming information about their symptoms and problems, he does try to create an understanding between his intern and his patient. His schedule that day was quite planned out, but he always had time to talk to me about medical concepts and practices that seem vague to one that does not particularly study the medical field. I'm glad my linguistic and introversial skills allow for me to understand nearly every word he says, from latin anatomical terms to 'fancy' scientific words. Furthermore, it was a great day and I enjoyed learning not just a few, but a lot of new things prior to physical therapy. However, I have obliged that I needed more work and challenge from him(since high school wasn't providing me with enough work), so he's gonna 'pull it up a notch'. Instead of just learning about the bone structures and the ligaments/muscles that attach each bone according to its unique function, we are also going to go in-depth with innervation(nerves, vessels, capillary internal links) and much more advanced terminology. I'm up for quite an interesting challenge next week.
ReplyDeleteOn my most recent visit to Handworks Physical Therapy this February week, Dr. Scott and I discussed over some popular topics of medical school education. He briefly explained about his own experience with the medical school he attended and also gave me some pointers(or tips) about how to save money efficiently. Additionally, Dr. Scott also introduced me to some interesting research regarding anatomy and the foundations of physical therapy. Now we know that an internship serves to focus primarily on career choice and planning, therefore I had asked him the most appropriate questions regarding Physical Therapy. Furthermore, he told me a lot about the career's information, such as education requirements, salary/income, and a lot more terminology. However, the terminology was not overwhelming today since we're only at the progress of identifying the innervation and the main bones of the human leg.
ReplyDeleteAt my utmost visit to Handworks Physical Therapy, Dr. Scott had introduced me to some unique, interesting information(specifically facts) regarding the fascinating functions of the human body; specifically the bone structures/ligament locations. I have learned some new interesting things regarding the lower human anatomical structure, specifically the foot's tarsal bones as well as the hand's carpal bones. On this following day, he introduced me to SOAP notes. The SOAP note (an acronym for subjective, objective, assessment, and plan) is a method of documentation employed by health care providers to write out notes in a patient's chart, along with other common formats, such as the admission note. As an intern, I will be given the chance to do some hands-on work such as doing these advanced, 'upper-level' notes. Although he does insist I practice them, Dr. Scott will also allow for me to actually do real SOAP notes, although he will supervise my efforts and correct any mistakes. If I make one mistake on the notes, it can affect the patient's actual medical information/background/profile, thus corrupting some information that is very important to the medical information needed and provided. So I will be doing SOAP notes next week. Furthermore, Dr. Scott had discussed more about each patient that had visited and further explained the symptoms to their disorders and also provided me with the information needed to grasp an understanding among the patient's problems and Dr. Scott's own analysis of the patient.
ReplyDeleteDuring my internship at HandWorks Physical Therapy, I was introduced to a more advanced anatomical structure, further in-depth to the human body's function. Dr. Scott had talked about disc protrusions, such as the L5 S1. The L5 S1 disc is the most fragile and susceptible to protrusion since it gets more load than the other lumbar discs. This condition is also referred to as a slipped disc and it the most common cause of lower back pain. The discs located on our back; relatively the spinal cord allows for complete control of nerve innervation . It ranges from the spinal cord all the way to the bone structures in the foot. It is amazing how a simple bone disc in the spinal cord has nerves connection vastly throughout the ligaments in the body. Furthermore, Dr. Scoot has taught me that simple or irrelevant injuries from limbs to back pains can be due to a protrusion to the L5 S1 disc. Many patients have injuries that lead to the abnormality or the dysfunction of the spinal cord. In the office, Dr. Scott had some hard clay models of the discs and further explained how blood clots could form from the irregular bending/stretching of these fragile bones. He also explained that the blood clots could be serious although the person would know notice a thing until an MRI is taken. Dr. Scott has also said that MRIs can not always determine the injuries, and even doctors cannot since they don't give enough effort with such a less amount of time.
ReplyDeleteOn the second day of the following week at HandWorks Physical Therapy, Dr. Scott and I talked more about the bones of the leg, specifically the hamstring bones. Hamstring muscle injuries such as a "pulled hamstring" — occur frequently in athletes. They are especially common in athletes who participate in sports that require sprinting, such as track, soccer, and basketball. A pulled hamstring or strain is an injury to one or more of the muscles at the back of the thigh. Most hamstring injuries respond well to simple, nonsurgical treatments. We also talked more in-depth about the the tibia and the fibula. While neither bone is capable of independent movement, the chief function of these bones is in the formation of the knee and the various ankle joints, as well as providing support over a significant anatomical distance the tibia (the shin bone). Furthermore, we had a patient visiting who had some problems with their knee bone and further established a connection from the injury to the navicular bone. Eventually, this lead to a protrusion to the L5 S2 disc.
ReplyDeleteIn today's epic episode of Tony Nguyen's Executive Internship at Handworks Physical Therapy, I was introduced to the bones, ligaments, joints, and muscles of the knee. The knee consists of the femur, the fibula, and the tibia bones. These bones are connected by the ligaments known as the posterior, anterior, medial, tibial, lateral, and fibular ligaments. Each ligament has a function to hold the bones together following by cartilage and muscle. between the femur and the fibula/tibia is the meniscus. The meniscus consists of the lateral and medial meniscus following with thee lateral and medial condyle. These two meniscus ligaments are connected by the intermeniscal ligament. The patella is located in the lateral center of the knee. There are four very important ligaments in the knee that help us move our leg/thigh freely from hypertension and pain. The first two are the anterior cruciate ligament and the posterior cruciate ligament. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) can be stressed by a physical force towards the knee at where it is located. If caused by a forward force towards the ACL, the femur's ligaments will rip from the bone, causing an ACL avulsion. If the outward force is driven into the knee from behind, the posterior cruciate ligament will be damaged, causing a PCL avulsion. Many injuries in sports such as soccer and baseball occur because either the ACL and/or PCL are damaged. A knee will not function if all four of the cruciate ligaments are torn and damaged. This also includes the laterial and medial cruciate ligaments as well as the ACL & PCL. (MCL, LCL, ACL, PCL). Injuries can result with avulsions, tearing of the ligaments/ bone fraction, and even tissue rupture. The next thing my coordinator Dr. Scott had explained was the purpose of the popliteus muscle. This one and only important muscle within the knee is used by the leg/thigh/knee to unlock the knee by laterally rotating the femur in the tibia during a closed chain movement such as a foot being placed constantly onto the ground. The popliteus muscle assists in flexing the leg upon the thigh and when the leg is flexed, it will rotated the tibia inward. Furthermore, it is attached to the lateral meniscus. It seems to cross perpendicularly with the meniscus to the patella/tibia. I have tested the 'locking mechanism' of the popliteus muscle and you can actually feel as if your knee is unlocking and rotating among the femur to the tibia. Without the popliteus muscle, the person would most likely collapse every time they set their foot onto the ground surface, although the quadriceps and the thigh muscles will act to sustain the leg from falling down. Every ligament in the knee has a special purpose to allow our leg and thigh to act accordingly to the function of walking, running, and even just standing. Boy, I learned a lot these two days. Blablabla.
ReplyDeleteDuring this week's internship at Hand-Works Physical Therapy, I was introduced to a well-constructed review for last week's lesson of the knee bone(s), the ligaments and muscles pertaining with the tibia and patella's structure/function. After going over the serious injuries caused by the tear of the medial collateral ligament and the anterior cruciate ligament. As two of the four ligaments that are crucial to the stability of the knee joint, if both the MCL and the ACL were both injured and teared, the knee joint would not be able to function, thus causing for a person to not be able to walk. The MCL/ACL tear are often occurred from sports such as soccer and basketball although wearing a brace decreases the chance of tearing these ligaments. We then further discussed more about the patella bone and its unique function to the knee joint. The patella is not directly connected to femur bone and its function is most complex but similar to an arch-axis to the quadriceps and the tibia. For an example, if you connected a rubber band to to two separate sticks and tried to create a perpendicular angle of bending, it would not be possibly without an arch of axis. One can easily just hold up one of the stick and make it vertical, but if we relate it to the knee joint and its functions, this would be impossible to do. Now say if we put a tennis ball between the two sticks and then bend the one of the sticks straight up, the tennis ball would act as an arch of axis to rotate the stick up to create a joint bend. Much like the knee function, the patella works as the axis to allow the extension of the quadriceps from the leg(tibia and fibula); basically bending our knee.
ReplyDeleteThis week's internship at Handworks Physical Therapy was very interesting because I was introduced to the anatomy of the shoulder. Much like the hip's function, the shoulder's anatomical structure is very unique and can function in many different ways, specifically with the movements of retraction, protraction, elevation, depression, abduction, adduction, flexion rotation, and extension.
ReplyDeleteThe shoulder has three main bones, which are the clavicle(collarbone), scapula(shoulder-blade), and the humerus bone(upper arm bone). The shoulder contains of associated ligaments and tendons. The humerus bone is attaches to the scapula and the articulations between bones make up the shoulder bones. There are two types of cartilage in the shoulder anatomy, which are the articular(white cartilage that allows bone to glide upon one another) and the labrum cartilage(more fibrous, rigid, found only where the socket is attached). There are three main joints in the shoulder. The first joint is the glenohumeral main joint(ball and socket)-which allows arm to rotate in circular or to hinge out/away from shoulder. Additionally, it is formed by the glenoid fossa(dish-shaped). There are also the Acromioclavicular and the Sternoclavicular(medial-end) joints. Following by the shoulder bones, the four main muscles are the supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, and the teres minor muscle(s). They cover the glenoid like a cuff, which allows the balanced(elastic/stretch) position of the rotator cuff. The rotator cuff is the group of muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder. The tearing of these tendons(primarily responsible for shoulder-joint motion) can cause either trauma or chronic impingement. The most common shoulder dislocation is of anterior shoulder tear. The ligaments of the shoulder are semicircular humeri and the biceps muscle connect to shoulder. The impingement syndrome is one of the most common shoulder problems and it is when the arm is abducted passed 90 degrees; the greater tuberosity of the humerus bone compresses the rotator cuff against the acromion and be the result of diagnosed arthritis. Dr. Scott and I also discussed more about the Human Growth Hormone(HGH) and how successful it could be in the advanced future of biomedics.
This week's internship has introduced me to the bone/tendon/muscle structure of the arm and wrist. As one would know, the arm is mainly composed of the bones from the shoulder(clavicle, scapula, humerus bone) to the wrist itself (radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges). Now that I have been learning about the shoulder function, it allows me to link my own knowledge on this complex, unique structure to the bones in the arm(humerus specifically). Additionally, the elbow joint acts like a hinge joint between the distal ends of the humerus and the proximal ends of the radius and the ulna. Dr. Scott has also mentioned that the humerus bone is a very strong and durable bone(going on and on about weight-lifting capacity but I already knew about this). The arm is divided by a fascial layer (known as lateral and medial intermuscular septa) separating the muscles into two osteofascial compartments, which are the anterior & posterior compartments of the arm.
ReplyDeleteFurthermore, The cubital fossa is clinically important for venepuncture and for blood pressure measurement. It is an imaginary triangle with borders being laterall, medially and superiorly connect. Dr. Scott also had some arm bone models and he interpreted the hinge function to me, as well as showing me how to check and diagnose possible arm tendon/muscle injuries. With extra time, he also helped observed my re-teared sprained ankle! Apparently, there is nothing wrong with it, but it's rather an internal strain in the muscle. TBC...
For Tuesday's internship, Dr. Scott has reviewed information about the impingement of the rotator cuff, and how the 'reverse-shoulder' and 'cold-shoulder' procedure could fix the pain in the shoulder. He was very detailed in explaining how the procedure was done such as mentioning that the orthopedic surgeon would drill a hole through the clavicle bone, reversing the glenoid tissue through the drilled hole, and then connecting the supraspinatus muscle tear so the movement of the shoulder would not cause friction among the clavicle and the scapula bone.
ReplyDeleteFurthermore, we also reviewed the arm's bones, tendons, muscles, and ligaments. Understanding the function and connection between the shoulder bone to the bones in the arm, I was able to determine how the short and long head of biceps brachii muscle aligns itself with the shoulder. The short head of the biceps attaches to the coracoid process of the scapula. The tendon of the long head passes along the intertubercular groove of the humerus into the joint capsule at the head of the humerus, and attaches to the scapula at the supraglenoid tubercle. Furthermore, the biceps work among three joints, which is the proximal radioulnar joint, the humeroulnar joint(elbow), and the glenohumeral joint(shoulder). After understanding the biceps' function, we reviewed over the triceps brachii muscles of the arm. The long head arises from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. It extends distally in front of the teres minor and behind the teres major. The medial head arises distally from the groove of the radial nerve; from the dorsal (back) surface of the humerus. The lateral head arises from the dorsal surface of the humerus, lateral and proximal to the groove of the radial nerve, from the greater tubercle down to the region of the lateral intermuscular septum. All three heads of the triceps muscle are innervated by a radial nerve.
ReplyDeleteDuring my most recent internship with Dr. Scott at Handworks Physical therapy, I have reviewed the terminology of the shoulder surgical procedures such as the 'Cold Shoulder' and the 'Reverse Shoulder' procedures. The shoulder is one of the most complexed anatomical functions in the human body and is relatively similar to the hip. The bones of the hip region are the hip bone (innominate bone) and the femur (thigh bone). The hip joint is a synovial joint formed by the articulation of the rounded head of the femur and the cup-like acetabulum of the pelvis. It forms the primary connection between the bones of the lower limb and the axial skeleton of the trunk and pelvis. A Synovial joint, also known as a diarthrosis, is the most common and most movable type of joint in the body of a mammal & human. As with most other joints, synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones. The hip joint is reinforced by five ligaments, of which four are extracapsular and one intracapsular. The extracapsular ligaments are the iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments attached to the bones of the pelvis (the ilium, ischium, and pubis respectively). All three strengthen the capsule and prevent an excessive range of movement in the joint. Of these, the Y-shaped and twisted iliofemoral ligament is the strongest ligament in the human body. Additionaklly, I also reviewed the function of the hip with a glucose-silicon model structure which basically made me comprehend with Dr. Scott's lecture.
ReplyDeleteAfter reviewing the complexity of the hip and shoulder bone, Dr. Scott and I went over with the innervations of the muscles that contracted between the femur bone and the hip bone. We talked more about surgical procedures that involved a diagnosis of the spinal cord. He also mentioned how injuries could relate back to a possible dysfunction to the spinal cord, even the most unexpected injuries. Furthermore, the Spinal Cord is connected to the brain and is about the diameter of a human finger. From the brain the spinal cord descends down the middle of the back and is surrounded and protected by the bony vertebral column. The anatomy of the spinal cord itself, consists of millions of nerve fibres which transmit electrical information to and from the limbs, trunk and organs of the body, back to and from the brain. The nerves within the spinal cord are grouped together in different bundles called Ascending and Descending tracts. Ascending tracts within the spinal cord carry information from the body, upwards to the brain, such as touch, skin temperature, pain and joint position.There are four main groups of spinal nerves which exit different levels of the spinal cord.
ReplyDeleteThey are:
Cervical Nerves "C" : (nerves in the neck) supply movement and feeling to the arms, neck and upper trunk.
Thoracic Nerves "T" : (nerves in the upper back) supply the trunk and abdomen.
Lumbar Nerves "L" and Sacral Nerves "S" : (nerves in the lower back) supply the legs, the bladder, bowel and sexual organs.
The spinal nerves carry information to and from different levels (segments) in the spinal cord. Both the nerves and the segments in the spinal cord are numbered in a similar way to the vertebrae. The point at which the spinal cord ends is called the conus medullaris, and is the terminal end of the spinal cord. It occurs near lumbar nerves L1 and L2. After the spinal cord terminates, the spinal nerves continue as a bundle of nerves called the cauda equina. The upper end of the conus medullaris is usually not well defined. We often used the spinal cord models to depict how injuries linked to it and how the nerves and senses are affected.